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    SLUB core · 81819f0f
    Christoph Lameter authored
    
    
    This is a new slab allocator which was motivated by the complexity of the
    existing code in mm/slab.c. It attempts to address a variety of concerns
    with the existing implementation.
    
    A. Management of object queues
    
       A particular concern was the complex management of the numerous object
       queues in SLAB. SLUB has no such queues. Instead we dedicate a slab for
       each allocating CPU and use objects from a slab directly instead of
       queueing them up.
    
    B. Storage overhead of object queues
    
       SLAB Object queues exist per node, per CPU. The alien cache queue even
       has a queue array that contain a queue for each processor on each
       node. For very large systems the number of queues and the number of
       objects that may be caught in those queues grows exponentially. On our
       systems with 1k nodes / processors we have several gigabytes just tied up
       for storing references to objects for those queues  This does not include
       the objects that could be on those queues. One fears that the whole
       memory of the machine could one day be consumed by those queues.
    
    C. SLAB meta data overhead
    
       SLAB has overhead at the beginning of each slab. This means that data
       cannot be naturally aligned at the beginning of a slab block. SLUB keeps
       all meta data in the corresponding page_struct. Objects can be naturally
       aligned in the slab. F.e. a 128 byte object will be aligned at 128 byte
       boundaries and can fit tightly into a 4k page with no bytes left over.
       SLAB cannot do this.
    
    D. SLAB has a complex cache reaper
    
       SLUB does not need a cache reaper for UP systems. On SMP systems
       the per CPU slab may be pushed back into partial list but that
       operation is simple and does not require an iteration over a list
       of objects. SLAB expires per CPU, shared and alien object queues
       during cache reaping which may cause strange hold offs.
    
    E. SLAB has complex NUMA policy layer support
    
       SLUB pushes NUMA policy handling into the page allocator. This means that
       allocation is coarser (SLUB does interleave on a page level) but that
       situation was also present before 2.6.13. SLABs application of
       policies to individual slab objects allocated in SLAB is
       certainly a performance concern due to the frequent references to
       memory policies which may lead a sequence of objects to come from
       one node after another. SLUB will get a slab full of objects
       from one node and then will switch to the next.
    
    F. Reduction of the size of partial slab lists
    
       SLAB has per node partial lists. This means that over time a large
       number of partial slabs may accumulate on those lists. These can
       only be reused if allocator occur on specific nodes. SLUB has a global
       pool of partial slabs and will consume slabs from that pool to
       decrease fragmentation.
    
    G. Tunables
    
       SLAB has sophisticated tuning abilities for each slab cache. One can
       manipulate the queue sizes in detail. However, filling the queues still
       requires the uses of the spin lock to check out slabs. SLUB has a global
       parameter (min_slab_order) for tuning. Increasing the minimum slab
       order can decrease the locking overhead. The bigger the slab order the
       less motions of pages between per CPU and partial lists occur and the
       better SLUB will be scaling.
    
    G. Slab merging
    
       We often have slab caches with similar parameters. SLUB detects those
       on boot up and merges them into the corresponding general caches. This
       leads to more effective memory use. About 50% of all caches can
       be eliminated through slab merging. This will also decrease
       slab fragmentation because partial allocated slabs can be filled
       up again. Slab merging can be switched off by specifying
       slub_nomerge on boot up.
    
       Note that merging can expose heretofore unknown bugs in the kernel
       because corrupted objects may now be placed differently and corrupt
       differing neighboring objects. Enable sanity checks to find those.
    
    H. Diagnostics
    
       The current slab diagnostics are difficult to use and require a
       recompilation of the kernel. SLUB contains debugging code that
       is always available (but is kept out of the hot code paths).
       SLUB diagnostics can be enabled via the "slab_debug" option.
       Parameters can be specified to select a single or a group of
       slab caches for diagnostics. This means that the system is running
       with the usual performance and it is much more likely that
       race conditions can be reproduced.
    
    I. Resiliency
    
       If basic sanity checks are on then SLUB is capable of detecting
       common error conditions and recover as best as possible to allow the
       system to continue.
    
    J. Tracing
    
       Tracing can be enabled via the slab_debug=T,<slabcache> option
       during boot. SLUB will then protocol all actions on that slabcache
       and dump the object contents on free.
    
    K. On demand DMA cache creation.
    
       Generally DMA caches are not needed. If a kmalloc is used with
       __GFP_DMA then just create this single slabcache that is needed.
       For systems that have no ZONE_DMA requirement the support is
       completely eliminated.
    
    L. Performance increase
    
       Some benchmarks have shown speed improvements on kernbench in the
       range of 5-10%. The locking overhead of slub is based on the
       underlying base allocation size. If we can reliably allocate
       larger order pages then it is possible to increase slub
       performance much further. The anti-fragmentation patches may
       enable further performance increases.
    
    Tested on:
    i386 UP + SMP, x86_64 UP + SMP + NUMA emulation, IA64 NUMA + Simulator
    
    SLUB Boot options
    
    slub_nomerge		Disable merging of slabs
    slub_min_order=x	Require a minimum order for slab caches. This
    			increases the managed chunk size and therefore
    			reduces meta data and locking overhead.
    slub_min_objects=x	Mininum objects per slab. Default is 8.
    slub_max_order=x	Avoid generating slabs larger than order specified.
    slub_debug		Enable all diagnostics for all caches
    slub_debug=<options>	Enable selective options for all caches
    slub_debug=<o>,<cache>	Enable selective options for a certain set of
    			caches
    
    Available Debug options
    F		Double Free checking, sanity and resiliency
    R		Red zoning
    P		Object / padding poisoning
    U		Track last free / alloc
    T		Trace all allocs / frees (only use for individual slabs).
    
    To use SLUB: Apply this patch and then select SLUB as the default slab
    allocator.
    
    [hugh@veritas.com: fix an oops-causing locking error]
    [akpm@linux-foundation.org: various stupid cleanups and small fixes]
    Signed-off-by: default avatarChristoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
    Signed-off-by: default avatarHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
    Signed-off-by: default avatarAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
    Signed-off-by: default avatarLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
    81819f0f